Greco-Turkish War

The Battle of Dumlupınar Muharebesi or Başkumandanlık Meydan Muharebesi; literally "All-out battle of Supreme military commands" was... the last battle in the Greco-Turkish War . The battle was fought from 26 August to 30 August 1922 near Kütahya in Turkey. Following the attrition battle on the Sakarya River in August–September 1921, the Greek Army of Asia Minor under General Anastasios Papoulas retreated to a defensive line extending from the town of İzmit to the towns of Eskişehir and Kara Hisâr-ı Sahib . The Greek line formed a 700-km arc stretching in a North-South direction along difficult hilly ground with high hills, called tepes, rising out of broken terrain and was considered to be easily defensible. A single track railway line ran from Kara Hisâr to Dumlupınar, a fortified valley town some 30 miles West of Kara Hisâr surrounded by the mountains Murat Dağı and Ahır Dağı, and thence to Smyrna on the coast. This railway was the main supply route of the Greeks.
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The Second Battle of İnönü was fought between 26 and 31 March 1921 near İnönü in present-day Eskişehir Province,... Turkey during the Greco-Turkish War , part of Turkish War of Independence. It marked a turning point in the Greco-Turkish War and the Turkish War of Independence of which it was a part, as Greek forces had previously been victorious over mostly irregular Turkish forces. After the First Battle of İnönü, where Miralay İsmet Bey fought against a Greek detachment out of occupied Bursa, the London Conference was held between February 21 and March 11, 1921. The Turkish side was not able to extract the concessions it demanded and thus the hostilities resumed again in March. The Greeks were determined to make up for the setback they suffered in January and prepared a much larger force, outnumbering Mirliva İsmet's troops. The Greeks had grouped their forces in Bursa, Uşak, İzmit and Gebze. Against them, the Turks had grouped their forces at northwest of Eskişehir, east of Dumlupınar and Kocaeli.
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The First Battle of İnönü took place between 9 and 11 January 1921 near İnönü in present-day Eskişehir Province,... Turkey during the Greco-Turkish War , part of Turkish War of Independence. This was the first battle for the Army of the Grand National Assembly that was newly built standing army in place of irregular troops. A Greek reconnaissance force under General Anastasios Papoulas began to move from their base in Bursa in the direction of Eskişehir in early January 1921. The battle began with a Greek assault on the positions of Miralay İsmet Bey's troops near the railway station of İnönü on January 9, 1921 and fighting continued until dark. On January 10, Greek Islands division began moving along the Kovalca-Akpınar line, and İzmir division was moving on Yeniköy-Teke-Hayriye direction and additional forces were moving on Söğüt-Gündüzbey line. Additionally Çerkes Ethem turned against the new central government in Ankara, refusing to join his forces with the regular army established under the command of İsmet İnönü.
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The Occupation of Smyrna occurred from 15 May 1919 to 8 September 1922 by Greek forces under the High Commissioner Aristidis Stergiadis in the... Smyrna district, aligned with the Allied partitioning of the Ottoman Empire. There were no military hostilities between Greece and the Ottoman Empire during World War I. The Greek occupation became very controversial, since the main intention of the Allies of World War I was to balance the Italian expansion in Anatolia. The Italian and Anglo-French Agreement of St.-Jean-de-Maurienne was partially repudiated by the Greek occupation, as Smyrna was part of the territory previously promised to Italy. The occupation was one of the catalysts for the establishment of the Turkish national movement and the alignment between Italy and Grand National Assembly of Turkey. Following the Ottoman Empire's defeat in World War I, the victorious allies had gathered in Paris Peace Conference, 1919 to decide on the partition of the remaining territories of the Empire. Before the opening of the Conference, the British had already occupied Constantinople and the French had marched into Cilicia.
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