Greek War of Independence

The Aegean Sea ; Turkish: Ege Denizi or historically Turkish: Adalar Denizi is an elongated embayment of the Mediterranean Sea located between the... southern Balkan and Anatolian peninsulas, i.e., between the mainlands of Greece and Turkey. In the north, it is connected to the Marmara Sea and Black Sea by the Dardanelles and Bosporus. The Aegean Islands are within the sea and some bound it on its southern periphery, including Crete and Rhodes. The Aegean Region consists of nine provinces in southwestern Turkey, in part bordering on the Aegean sea. The sea was traditionally known as Archipelago , but in English this word's meaning has changed to refer to the Aegean Islands and, generally, to any island group. The Aegean Sea covers about 214,000 square kilometres in area, and measures about 610 kilometres longitudinally and 300 kilometres latitudinally. The sea's maximum depth is 3,543 metres , east of Crete.
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Greece /ˈɡriːs/ , officially the Hellenic Republic , and historically Hellas , is a country in Southern Europe, politically considered... part of Western Europe. Athens is the capital and the largest city in the country . Greece has land borders with Albania, the Republic of Macedonia and Bulgaria to the north, and Turkey to the east. The Aegean Sea lies to the east of mainland Greece, the Ionian Sea to the west, and the Mediterranean Sea to the south. Greece has the 11th longest coastline in the world at 13,676 km in length, featuring a vast number of islands , including Crete, the Dodecanese, the Cyclades, and the Ionian Islands among others. Eighty percent of Greece consists of mountains, of which Mount Olympus is the highest at 2,917 m . Modern Greece traces its roots to the civilization of ancient Greece, generally considered the cradle of Western civilization.
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The Ottoman-Egyptian Invasion of Mani was a campaign during the Greek War of Independence that consisted of three battles. The Maniots fought against... a combined Egyptian and Ottoman army under the command of Ibrahim Pasha of Egypt. On March 17, 1821, the Maniots declared war on the Ottoman Empire, preceding the rest of Greece in joining the revolution by about a week. The various Greek forces won a quick string of victories, however, disputes broke out amongst the leaders and anarchy ensued. The Ottomans seized this chance and called for reinforcements from Egypt. The reinforcements came under the command of Ibrahim Pasha, the son of the leader of Egypt, Muhammad Ali. With the Greeks in disarray, Ibrahim ravaged the Peloponnese and after a four months siege he captured the city of Missolonghi in April. He then went back to Peloponnese and turned his attention in June to Mani. Ibrahim tried to enter Mani from the north-east near Almiro on June 21, 1826, but he was forced to stop at the fortifications at Vergas.
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The Battle of Phaleron took place on April 24 , 1827. The revolting Greek forces were being besieged inside the Acropolis of Athens by Ottoman forces... under the command of Mehmed Reshid Pasha. Greek forces outside the city were desperately trying to break the siege. The Scottish Admiral Lord Cochrane and Irish General Richard Church were nominally commanding the Greeks. 3,000 men were ordered to advance across the plain. Their plan was to send 7,000 more men who were at Piraeus to attack the Turks from the flanks. As the Greeks advanced from Phaleron, Reshid sent some cavalry to attack the Greeks. He expected the main assault to come from Piraeus. The troops from Piraeus did not arrive and the rest of the Greeks were attacked by the Turkish cavalry. The Greeks lost either 1,500 or 2,000 men, which was a devastating setback. The men in the Acropolis surrendered on 5 June and were escorted by the French army to the coast. This defeat destroyed Greek morale and the only places on mainland Greece that persevered after the battle were Mani and Nauplio. The Greeks had also lost their commander Karaiskakis from wounds suffered a few days before the battle.
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The Third Siege of Missolonghi was fought in the Greek War of Independence, between the Ottoman Empire and the Greek rebels, from 15 April 1825 to... 10 April 1826. The Ottomans had already tried and failed to capture the city in 1822 and 1823, but returned in 1825 with a stronger force of infantry and a stronger navy supporting the infantry. The Greeks held out for almost a year before they attempted a mass breakout, which however resulted in a disaster, with the larger part of the Greeks slain. Missolonghi was first besieged by the Ottomans in 1822, then in 1823. In April 1824, Lord Byron died of an illness, adding to the fame of the city. In spring 1825, the Ottomans came to besiege the Greeks again. The commander of the Ottomans, Reşid Mehmed Pasha was joined early 1826 by Ibrahim Pasha who crossed the Gulf of Corinth. During the early part of 1826, Ibrahim had more artillery and supply brought in. However, his men were unable to storm the walls. The High Commissioner of the Ionian Islands, Sir Frederick Adam, tried to make both forces sign a treaty, but his efforts were unsuccessful.
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The Battle of Karpenisi took place near the town of Karpenisi on the night of August 8, 1823 between revolting Greek irregulars and Ottoman troops.... The Greeks were being led by the Souliote Markos Botsaris. Botsaris with a force of 450 Souliotes assaulted the Turkish camp. The Turks were overconfident and had not taken proper defensive measures. The sleeping Turks suffered many casualties as the Souliotes sneaked into their camp. The Souliotes thought they had won a great victory when Botsaris was shot through the head as he was scouting Turkish positions. He died immediately. The Souliotes retreated when they saw their leader's body being carried away to safety. The Turkish army had lost 1,000 men while the Greeks had lost several men.
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