Harvard University

Harvard Law School is one of the professional graduate schools of Harvard University. Located in Cambridge, Massachusetts, it is the oldest... continually-operating law school in the United States and is home to the largest academic law library in the world. The school is routinely ranked by the U.S. News & World Report as the second best law school in the United States, behind Yale Law School, while Brian Leiter, author of the Leiter Rankings, calls it "clearly the top law school in the country." The current Dean of Harvard Law School is Martha Minow, who assumed the role on July 1, 2009. Harvard Law has 246 faculty members. Many are preeminent legal scholars; Harvard Law School faculty were responsible for more downloaded papers on the Social Science Research Network than any other law school, a fact only partially explained by the school's size. Harvard Law School has produced a large number of luminaries in law and politics, including the current President of the United States, Barack Obama, and former President Rutherford B. Hayes.
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Harvard College, in Cambridge, Massachusetts, is one of two schools within Harvard University granting undergraduate degrees . Founded in 1636, it is... the oldest institution of higher learning in the United States and one of the most prestigious in the world. In 1636 the New College came into existence by vote of the Great and General Court of the Massachusetts Bay Colony—though without a single building, instructor, or student. In 1639 it was re-named in honor of deceased Charlestown minister John Harvard, who had bequeathed to the school his entire library and half of his monetary estate. Harvard's first instructor, schoolmaster Nathaniel Eaton, was also its first instructor to be dismissed—in 1639 for overstrict discipline. The school's first students were graduated in 1642. In 1665, Caleb Cheeshahteaumuck, "from the Wampanoag did graduate from Harvard, the first Indian to do so in the colonial period.
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Harvard Medical School is the graduate medical school of Harvard University. It is located in the Longwood Medical Area of the Mission Hill... neighborhood of Boston, Massachusetts. HMS is home to 616 students in the M.D. program, 435 in the Ph.D. program, and 155 in the M.D.-Ph.D program. HMS' M.D.-Ph.D program allows a student to receive an M.D. from HMS and a Ph.D from either Harvard or the Massachusetts Institute of Technology . Prospective students apply to one of two tracks to the M.D. degree. New Pathway, the larger of the two programs, emphasizes problem-based learning. HST, operated by the Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, emphasizes medical research. The school has a large and distinguished faculty to support its missions of education, research, and clinical care. These faculty hold appointments in the basic science departments on the HMS Quadrangle, and in the clinical departments located in multiple Harvard-affiliated hospitals and institutions in Boston.
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Harvard Divinity School is one of the constituent schools of Harvard University, located in Cambridge, Massachusetts, in the United States. The... School's mission is to train and educate its students either in the academic study of religion, or for the practice of a religious ministry or other public service vocation. It also caters to students from other Harvard schools that are interested in the former field. Harvard Divinity School is among a small group of university-based, non-denominational divinity schools in the United States . Harvard College was founded in 1636 as a Puritan/Congregationalist institution, and trained ministers for many years. The separate institution of the Divinity School, however, dates from 1816, when it was established as the first non-denominational divinity school in the United States. Nevertheless, for most of its history, Harvard Divinity School was unofficially associated with the Unitarian church.
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Harvard School of Dental Medicine is one of the graduate schools of Harvard University. It is an American dental school located in the Longwood... Medical Area in Boston, Massachusetts. In addition to the DMD degree, HSDM offers specialty training programs, advanced training programs, a Ph.D. program affiliated with the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, and Master of Medical Sciences & Doctor of Medical Sciences degrees in Oral Biology. Today, HSDM is the smallest school at Harvard University. With a total student body of 280, including pre-doctoral and post-doctoral students spread over several disciplines, HSDM is an intimate community of students and faculty. Even when compared to other dental schools, HSDM is small, and its total living alumni number is approximately 2,300 worldwide. While HSDM is small, it continues to have considerable influence on dental education and research within the broader oral health community. Many other HSDM alumni pursue careers as full-time faculty members, department heads, and leaders of organized dentistry.
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The Harvard Graduate School of Design is a graduate school at Harvard University offering degrees in Architecture, Landscape Architecture, and Urban... Planning and Design. Classes exclusively devoted to architecture began at Harvard in 1893. The Faculty of Architecture acquired graduate school status in 1914. The major design professions were officially united in 1936 to form the Graduate School of Design. The GSD currently offers an array of masters and doctoral degrees, as well as Career Discovery and Executive Education programs. The school's international faculty provide a broad range of design philosophies and visions. The resources of the GSD and those of Harvard University, including its courses, museums, libraries, and cultural events, are available to all students. A leading industry survey has ranked the GSD's Department of Architecture number one in the United States for six consecutive years and the Department of Landscape Architecture number one for four consecutive years. The market value of the school's endowment for the fiscal year 2008 to 2009 was approximately $314 million.
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The Division of Continuing Education is a part of the Faculty of Arts and Sciences at Harvard University. It is responsible for various... undergraduate, graduate and non-degree programs in fields such as liberal arts, information technology, social sciences, religion and environmental management. While non-degree programs have an open enrollment policy, degree programs do require a formal Harvard University admissions process, and full tuition on a per-course basis. Admitted students have full access to Harvard's faculty, laboratories, library system and facilities. Approximately 20,000 students worldwide are admitted. Currently, the Division of Continuing Education comprises five major programs: The Harvard Summer School, founded in 1871, is the first academic summer session established in the United States. Each summer more than 5,000 students of all ages come to Harvard from across the U.S. and more than 100 foreign countries to study for seven weeks with faculty from Harvard and other major American and foreign universities.
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The Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study at Harvard is an educational institution in Cambridge, Massachusetts, and one of the semiautonomous... components of Harvard University. It is heir to the name and buildings of Radcliffe College, but unlike that historical institution, its focus is directed not at undergraduate education but postgraduate research. In its current state, it consists of three core programs: Schlesinger Library, Fellowship Program, and Academic Ventures. Lizabeth Cohen, the Howard Mumford Jones Professor of American Studies in the Harvard Faculty of Arts and Sciences, is the interim dean of the Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study . The Radcliffe Institute for Independent Study was founded in 1961 by the President of Radcliffe College, Mary Ingraham Bunting. Following Bunting's vision and her desire to stem the exodus of highly-trained educated women from promising careers, the Institute provided stipends as well as access to all of the resources of Harvard University to take up their chosen creative intellectual studies, . The initial funding for the institute came from the Carnegie and Rockefeller Foundations, .
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The Harvard School of Public Health is one of the professional graduate schools of Harvard University, located in the Longwood Area of the Boston,... Massachusetts neighborhood of Mission Hill, which is next to Harvard Medical School. HSPH is considered a significant school focusing on health in the United States. It is the country's third-oldest school of public health. Founded in 1922, the Harvard School of Public Health grew out of the Harvard-MIT School for Health Officers, the nation's first graduate training program in population health. Julio Frenk, the Minister of Health of Mexico from 2000 to 2006 and a former executive director of the World Health Organization , became the new dean of HSPH in January 2009. As one of the most selective public health schools in the world, the middle 50 percent of the class that entered in 2006 had an incoming GPA between 3.50 and 3.75 . About half of HSPH students already hold an MD degree, with many of the rest holding another advanced degree .
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The Graduate School of Arts and Sciences is the academic unit responsible for many post-baccalaureate degree programs offered through the Faculty of... Arts and Sciences at Harvard University. GSAS offers several master's degree programs—Master of Arts , Master of Science , Master of Engineering , and Master of Forest Science —and the Doctor of Philosophy degree in more than fifty divisions, departments, and committees, spanning subjects in both the sciences and the humanities, including several interdepartmental programs. GSAS also administers the Graduate Special Student Program, which enables individuals who hold the baccalaureate degree to take graduate-level courses on a non-degree basis, and the Visiting Fellow Program, which enables advanced doctoral students and persons who already hold the Ph.D. to conduct research at Harvard. Finally, GSAS also nominally oversees Ph.D. programs in Harvard's professional schools: the Harvard Business School, the basic science departments in Harvard Medical School, the Harvard School of Public Health, the Graduate School of Design, and the John F. Kennedy School of Government.
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The Harvard Graduate School of Education is one of the graduate schools of Harvard University, and is one of the top schools of education in the... United States. It was founded in 1920, the same year it invented the Ed.D. degree. It offers two doctoral programs—the Doctor of Education and the Doctor of Educational Leadership —and thirteen masters programs. These include Arts in Education, Education Policy and Management, Higher Education, International Education Policy, Special Studies, Technology Innovation and Education, Teacher Education, Mind, Brain and Education, Prevention Science and Practice, School Leadership, Human Development and Psychology, Language and Literacy, and Learning and Teaching. Led by Dean Kathleen McCartney, the mission of HGSE is to prepare leaders in education and to generate knowledge to improve student opportunity, achievement, and success. It seeks to accomplish this mission by operating at the nexus of practice, policy, and research.
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The John F. Kennedy School of Government at Harvard University is a public policy and public administration school, and one of Harvard's graduate... and professional schools. It offers master's degrees in public policy, public administration, and international development, grants several doctoral degrees, administers executive programs for senior government officials, and conducts research in subjects relating to politics, government, international affairs, and economics. The School's primary campus is located off of John F. Kennedy Street in Cambridge, Massachusetts. The main buildings overlook the Charles River, southwest of Harvard Yard and Harvard Square, on the site of a former MBTA Red Line trainyard. The School is adjacent to the public, riverfront John F. Kennedy Memorial Park. Since 2004, the School's Dean has been David Ellwood, who is also the Scott M. Black Professor of Political Economy at HKS. Previously, Ellwood was an assistant secretary in the Department of Health and Human Services in the Clinton Administration.
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Radcliffe College was a women's liberal arts college in Cambridge, Massachusetts, and was the coordinate college for Harvard University. It was also... one of the Seven Sisters colleges. Radcliffe College conferred joint Harvard-Radcliffe diplomas beginning in 1963 and a formal merger agreement with Harvard was signed in 1977, with full integration with Harvard completed in 1999. Today, Radcliffe's campus functions as a research institute within Harvard, the Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study, and former Radcliffe student housing has been incorporated as residential houses of Harvard College. The "Harvard Annex," a private program for the instruction of women by Harvard faculty, was founded in 1879 after prolonged efforts by women to gain access to Harvard. Arthur Gilman, banker, philanthropist and writer, and son of Winthrop Sargent Gilman, was the founder of Radcliffe College. The school was named in memory of the first female donor, Ann Mowlson. Ada Comstock, a leader in women in higher education, who hailed from the University of Minnesota and Smith College, was the first president.
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The Harvard School of Engineering and Applied Science , a school within Harvard University's Faculty of Arts and Sciences , serves as the connector... and integrator of Harvard's teaching and research efforts in engineering, applied sciences, and technology. Engineering and applied sciences at Harvard has a long history, beginning with the creation of the Lawrence Scientific School in 1847 . The structure to support faculty and research in engineering applied sciences underwent several reorganizations , and division and names during the 19th and 20th centuries. In February 2007 the Harvard Corporation and Overseers voted for the Division of Engineering and Applied Sciences change its name to the School of Engineering and Applied Sciences . In September 2008, "Engineering a Renaissance,” was held to mark the creation of Harvard’s first new school in seven decades.
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Harvard University Extension School, in Cambridge, Massachusetts, is one of the thirteen degree-granting schools of Harvard University and is part of... the Division of Continuing Education. The Extension School was founded in 1910, one year after the founding of the Harvard Business School by President of Harvard University Abbott Lawrence Lowell. The school was originally an academic program designed to serve the educational interests and needs of the greater Boston community, but it has since expanded to offer undergraduate and graduate liberal arts degree programs to both traditional and non-traditional students, alike. It is the only Harvard school to offer an associate degree. It is also the only Harvard school to grant both undergraduate and graduate degrees. Students who wish to earn degrees must be formally admitted to Harvard University through a detailed process that can take a year or longer from start to finish such that the student must enroll in three classes and finish with at least a certain letter grade such as expository writing requiring a B minimum.
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Hugh David Politzer is an American theoretical physicist. He shared the 2004 Nobel Prize in Physics with David Gross and Frank Wilczek for their... discovery of asymptotic freedom in quantum chromodynamics. Politzer was born in New York City in family of Hungarian descent. He graduated from the Bronx High School of Science in 1966, received his bachelor's degree from the University of Michigan in 1969, and his PhD in 1974 from Harvard University, where his graduate advisor was Sidney Coleman. In his first published article, which appeared in 1973, Politzer described the phenomenon of asymptotic freedom: the closer quarks are to each other, the weaker the strong interaction will be between them. When quarks are in extreme proximity, the nuclear force between them is so weak that they behave almost like free particles. This result—independently discovered at around the same time by Gross and Wilczek at Princeton University—was extremely important in the development of quantum chromodynamics.
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Roy Jay Glauber is an American theoretical physicist. He is the Mallinckrodt Professor of Physics at Harvard University and Adjunct Professor of... Optical Sciences at the University of Arizona. Born in New York City, he was awarded one half of the 2005 Nobel Prize in Physics "for his contribution to the quantum theory of optical coherence", with the other half shared by John L. Hall and Theodor W. Hänsch. In this work, published in 1963, he created a model for photodetection and explained the fundamental characteristics of different types of light, such as laser light and light from light bulbs . His theories are widely used in the field of quantum optics. Glauber was born in 1925 in New York City, a member of the 1941 graduating class of the Bronx High School of Science, and went on to do his undergraduate work at Harvard University. After his sophomore year he was recruited to work on the Manhattan Project, where he was one of the youngest scientists at Los Alamos. His work involved calculating the critical mass for the atom bomb.
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Paul Anthony Samuelson was an American economist, and the first American to win the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences. The Swedish Royal... Academies stated, when awarding the prize, that he "has done more than any other contemporary economist to raise the level of scientific analysis in economic theory." Economic historian Randall E. Parker calls him the "Father of Modern Economics", and The New York Times considered him to be the "foremost academic economist of the 20th century." He was author of the largest-selling economics textbook of all time: Economics: An Introductory Analysis, first published in 1948. It was the second American textbook to explain the principles of Keynesian economics and how to think about economics, and the first one to be successful, and is now in its 19th edition, having sold nearly 4 million copies in 40 languages. James Poterba, former head of MIT's Department of Economics, noted that by his book, Samuelson "leaves an immense legacy, as a researcher and a teacher, as one of the giants on whose shoulders every contemporary economist stands.
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Merton Howard Miller was the co-author of the Modigliani-Miller theorem which proposed the irrelevance of debt-equity structure. He shared the Nobel... Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences in 1990, along with Harry Markowitz and William Sharpe. Miller spent most of his academic career at the University of Chicago Booth School of Business. Miller was born Jewish, in Boston, Massachusetts to Joel and Sylvia Miller, an attorney and housewife. He worked during World War II as an economist in the division of tax research of the Treasury Department, and received a Ph.D. in economics from Johns Hopkins University, 1952. His first academic appointment after receiving his doctorate was Visiting Assistant Lecturer at the London School of Economics. In 1958, at Carnegie Institute of Technology , he collaborated with his colleague Franco Modigliani there to write a paper on “The Cost of Capital, Corporate Finance and the Theory of Investment.” This paper urged a fundamental objection to the traditional view of corporate finance, according to which a corporation can reduce its cost of capital by finding the right debt-to-equity ratio.
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Roy Jay Glauber is an American theoretical physicist. He is the Mallinckrodt Professor of Physics at Harvard University and Adjunct Professor of... Optical Sciences at the University of Arizona. Born in New York City, he was awarded one half of the 2005 Nobel Prize in Physics "for his contribution to the quantum theory of optical coherence", with the other half shared by John L. Hall and Theodor W. Hänsch. In this work, published in 1963, he created a model for photodetection and explained the fundamental characteristics of different types of light, such as laser light and light from light bulbs . His theories are widely used in the field of quantum optics. Glauber was born in 1925 in New York City, a member of the 1941 graduating class of the Bronx High School of Science, and went on to do his undergraduate work at Harvard University. After his sophomore year he was recruited to work on the Manhattan Project, where he was one of the youngest scientists at Los Alamos. His work involved calculating the critical mass for the atom bomb.
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Simon Smith Kuznets was a Russian American economist at the Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania who won the 1971 Nobel Memorial Prize... in Economic Sciences "for his empirically founded interpretation of economic growth which has led to new and deepened insight into the economic and social structure and process of development". He was born into a Belarusian-Jewish family at Pinsk, Russian Empire and started his higher education in Kharkiv Commercial Institute, Ukraine, but moved to the United States in 1922 and was educated at Columbia University School of General Studies, receiving his B.Sc. in 1923, M.A. in 1924, and Ph.D. in 1926. From 1925 to 1926, Kuznets spent time studying economic patterns in prices as the Research Fellow at the Social Science Research Council. It was this work that led to his book Secular Movements in Production and Prices, published in 1930. From 1930 until 1936, Kuznets was a part-time professor at the University of Pennsylvania and as professor of Economics and Statistics from 1936 until 1954.
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Wassily Wassilyovich Leontief , was a Russian-American economist notable for his research on how changes in one economic sector may have an effect on... other sectors. Leontief won the Nobel Committee's Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences in 1973, and three of his doctoral students have also been awarded the prize . Wassily Leontief was born on August 5, 1905, in Munich, Germany, the son of Wassily W. Leontief and Slata Leontief . W. Leontief, Sr., belonged to a dynasty of old-believer merchants living in St. Petersburg since 1741. Genya Becker belonged to a wealthy Jewish family from Odessa. At 15 in 1921, Wassily, Jr., entered University of Leningrad in present day St. Petersburg. He earned his Learned Economist degree in 1924 at the age of 19. Leontief sided with campaigners for academic autonomy, freedom of speech and in support of Pitirim Sorokin. As a consequence, he was detained several times by the Cheka.
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Steven Weinberg is an American theoretical physicist and Nobel laureate in Physics for his contributions with Abdus Salam and Sheldon Glashow to the... unification of the weak force and electromagnetic interaction between elementary particles. Steven Weinberg was born in 1933 in New York City to Jewish immigrants Frederick and Eva Weinberg. He graduated from Bronx High School of Science in 1950 in the same graduating class as Sheldon Glashow, whose own research, independent of Weinberg's, would result in them sharing the same 1979 Nobel in Physics . Weinberg received his bachelor's degree from Cornell University in 1954, living at the Cornell branch of the Telluride Association. He left Cornell and went to the Niels Bohr Institute in Copenhagen where he started his graduate studies and research. After one year, Weinberg returned to Princeton University where he earned his Ph.D. degree in Physics in 1957, studying under Sam Treiman. Weinberg is an atheist. After completing his Ph.D.
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