John Adams

In the United States Presidential election of 1800, sometimes referred to as the "Revolution of 1800," Vice-President Thomas Jefferson defeated President John Adams. The election was a realigning election that ushered in a generation of Democratic-Republican Party rule and the eventual demise of... the Federalist Party in the First Party System. It was a long, bitter re-match of the 1796 election between the pro-French and pro-decentralization Republicans under Jefferson and Aaron Burr, against incumbent Adams and Charles Pinckney's pro-British and pro-centralization Federalists. The chief political issues included opposition to the tax imposed by Congress to pay for the mobilization of the new army and the navy in the Quasi-War against France in 1798, and the Alien and Sedition Acts, by which Federalists were trying to stifle dissent, especially by Republican newspaper editors. While the Republicans were well organized at the state and local levels, the Federalists were disorganized, and suffered a bitter split between their two major leaders, President Adams and Alexander Hamilton.
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The Battle of Höchstädt was fought on 19 June 1800 on the North bank of the Danube near Höchstädt, and resulted in a French... victory under General Jean Victor Marie Moreau against the Austrians under Baron Pál Kray. The Austrians were subsequently forced back into the fortress town of Ulm.
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The Battle of Meßkirch was fought on 4 and 5 May 1800 and resulted the victory of French army against the Austrians. On 25 April 1800 the French... Armée d'Allemagne, under Jean Victor Marie Moreau, crossed the Rhine River at Kehl and Schaffhausen. The 1st Demi-Brigade, of the Corps led by Laurent de Gouvion-Saint-Cyr, conquered St. Georgen and entered the Black Forest at Freiburg im Breisgau. After conquering Stuhlingen, 25 km south of Donaueschingen, the unit took part in the Battle of Stockach and Engen on 3 May, after which the Austrian retreated to Meßkirch where they enjoyed a more favourable defensive position. The French repeatedly assaulted the town on 4 and 5 May always in vain. The 1st Demi-Brigade, despite the Austrian superiority there, was able to conquer Krumbach and the heights surrounding it, which commanded Meßkirch. Therefore the Austrian moved back to Sigmaringen, followed by the French. The Battle of Biberach ensued on 9 May.
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In the Siege of Genoa the Austrians besieged and captured Genoa but the smaller French force under André Masséna had diverted enough... Austrian troops so that Napoleon could win the Battle of Marengo. After Massena's victory in the Second Battle of Zurich the alliance between Russia and Austria ended. Despite this it did not end the war and when Napoleon came back from Egypt and proclaimed himself First Consul, the French prospects of victory improved even more. However, Napoleon needed time in order to bring his troops in Italy so he ordered Massena to hold Nice and Genoa at all cost until he arrived. Initially the French had about 60,000 soldiers, but due to diseases they were reduced to about 36,000 fighting men. Austrian commander Melas had around 120,000 soldiers available in Italy. After the first engagements despite the bravery of the French commanded by Suchet and Soult Genoa was soon cut off from any outside help and by April 6 the French were surrounded not only by land, but also by sea where a strong British squadron had just taken position. Nevertheless the French morale remained high and Massena was determined to hold on.
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In April 1800, rumours flew through St. John's, Newfoundland that up to 400 Irishmen had taken the secret oath of the Society of the United Irishmen.... It is believed that some 80 or more Irish soldiers in the British army planned to meet and mutiny at the powder shed behind the British garrison at Fort Townshend. Their plan was to kill their officers and the leading British inhabitants of St. John's assembled for worship in the Church of England Cathedral on Sunday, April 20, 1800. Nineteen soldiers took up arms and assembled at the powder shed behind Fort Townshend, expecting to be joined by others. Soldiers from Fort William were unable to join them, however, because the commander there had scheduled a social function that night, detaining many of the men. Word of the mutiny spread quickly, the alarm was raised, and the deserting soldiers were pursued as they fled over the barrens and into the woods behind St. John's. Within several weeks, all of the 19 were captured, except for the two ringleaders, Sergeant Kelly and James Murphy. Four of the mutineers who informed on the others were not tried by court martial.
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