John Quincy Adams

The United States presidential election of 1828 featured a rematch between John Quincy Adams, now incumbent President, and Andrew Jackson, the runner-up in the 1824 election. With no other major candidates, Jackson and his chief ally Martin Van Buren consolidated their bases in the South and New... York and easily defeated Adams. The Democratic Party merged its strength from the existing supporters of Jackson and their coalition with the supporters of Crawford and Vice-President Calhoun. The election saw the coming to power of Jacksonian Democracy, thus marking the transition from the First Party System to the Second Party System. Historians debate the significance of the election, with many arguing that it marked the beginning of modern American politics, with the decisive establishment of democracy and the formation of the two-party system. Andrew Jackson won a plurality of electoral votes in the Election of 1824 but still lost to John Quincy Adams when the election was deferred to the House of Representatives.
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Leiden University , located in the city of Leiden, is the oldest university in the Netherlands. The university was founded in 1575 by William, Prince of Orange, leader of the Dutch Revolt in the Eighty Years' War. The royal Dutch House of Orange-Nassau and Leiden University still have a close... relationship. The Queens Juliana and Beatrix and crown-prince Willem-Alexander studied at Leiden University. In 2005 Queen Beatrix received a rare honorary degree from Leiden University. Leiden University has six faculties, over 50 departments and more than 150 undergraduate programmes and enjoys an outstanding international reputation. Shanghai Jiao Tong University's 2010 Academic Ranking of World Universities ranks Leiden University as the 70th best university worldwide. The 2009 THE-QS World University Rankings ranked Leiden University 60th in the world overall. In 2011 QS World University Rankings has ranked Leiden University as 88th overall, and the 37th best university worldwide for Arts and Humanities. THE 2010 World University Rankings has ranked Leiden University as the best university in Continental Europe for Arts and Humanities.
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The Battle of Tarqui, also known as the Battle of Portete de Tarqui, took place on February 27, 1829 at Portete de Tarqui, near Cuenca, Ecuador. It... was fought between troops from Gran Colombia, commanded by Antonio José de Sucre, and Peruvian troops under José de La Mar. It was a victory for Gran Colombia. After the battle the forces of Gran Colombia retook control of Guayaquil.
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The Bombardment of Tripoli in 1828 was a naval engagement fought between the navies of Tripoli and the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies. After the Pasha... of Tripoli demanded money from the Kingdom of Two Sicillies in exchange for peace, the Neapolitan government sent a squadron to Tripoli to refuse the Tripolitan demands and attempt to coerce the Tripolitans away from war. Upon receiving the news that the Neapolitans refused the Tripolitans demands, the Pasha declared war on the Kingdom of the Two Sicillies. As a result of the Pasha's declaration of war the Neapolitan squadron offshore began a blockade of the coast of Tripoli on 23 August 1828. The Neapolitans attempted to move into the harbor to bombard the city into submission but were forced into an engagement with the Tripolitan navy and repelled. The next few days saw further unsuccessful attempts by the Neapolitans at bombarding the city and engaging the Tripolitan fleet. Suffering losses and having made no progress against forcing Tripoli to abandon its demands for payment, the Neapolitan fleet withdrew on 29 August and sailed back to Naples.
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The Cape Grim massacre occurred 10 February 1828 in the North west of Van Diemen's Land, now known as Tasmania, when four shepherds with muskets are... alleged to have ambushed over 30 Tasmanian Aborigines from the Pennemukeer band from Cape Grim, killing 30 and throwing their bodies over a 60 metre cliff into the sea. An unknown number were reported to have escaped. The hill where the massacre occurred was then called Victory Hill by the shepherds. The frontier conflict in Tasmania between Europeans and Aborigines has been alleged to have been marked by violence, cruelty, and abduction and rape of women, with a gross imbalance in weapons. Jan Roberts said that: In general, Aboriginal men were shot on sight and the women seized to serve the needs of shepherds and sealers, many of whom took two Aboriginal women each. However, other historians including Josephine Flood disagree with this assessment: Abduction and ill-treatment of Aborigines certainly occurred, but the extent of atrocities and 'massacres' has been grossly exaggerated. In 1826 the Van Diemen's Land Company set up sheep stations at Cape Grim and at Circular Head.
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The Russo–Turkish War of 1828–1829 was sparked by the Greek War of Independence. The war broke out after the Sultan, incensed by the... Russian participation in the Battle of Navarino, closed the Dardanelles for Russian ships and revoked the Akkerman Convention. When the hostilities erupted, the Russian army consisted of 92,000 men, as opposed to the Ottoman forces commanded by Hussein Pasha. In June 1828, the main Russian forces, led by Emperor Nicholas I, crossed the Danube and advanced into Dobruja. Prior to that in April- May 1828, the Russian commander-in-chief, Prince Peter Wittgenstein, had moved into Rumanian Principates Wallachia and Moldavia and occupied them. Then the Russians laid prolonged sieges to three key Ottoman citadels in present-day Bulgaria — Shumla, Varna, and Silistra. Owing to the help of the Black Sea Fleet under Aleksey Greig, Varna was the first to be taken . The siege of Shumla proved much more problematic, as the 40,000-strong Ottoman garrison outnumbered the Russian forces. Furthermore, the Ottomans succeeded in cutting the Russians from supplies of provisions.
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