Portugal

The Mozambican War of Independence was an armed conflict between the guerrilla forces of the Mozambique Liberation Front or FRELIMO , and Portugal.... The war officially started on September 25, 1964, and ended with a cease fire on September 8, 1974, resulting in a negotiated independence in 1975. Portugal's wars against independence guerrilla fighters in its 400-year-old African territories began in 1961 with Angola. In Mozambique, the conflict erupted in 1964 as a result of unrest and frustration amongst many indigenous Mozambican populations, who perceived foreign rule to be a form of exploitation and mistreatment, which served only to further Portuguese economic interests in the region. Many Mozambicans also resented Portugal's policies towards indigenous people, which resulted in discrimination, traditional lifestyle turning difficult for many African indigenes, and limited access to Portuguese-style education and skilled employment.
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Guinea-Bissau War of Independence was an armed conflict and national liberation struggle in Portuguese Guinea between 1963 and 1974. Guinea-Bissau ... had been claimed by Portugal since 1446 and was a major trading post for commodities and African slaves during the 18th century, before the former had been outlawed by the Portuguese authorities. The interior was however not fully controlled by the Portuguese until the latter half of 19th century. Sporadic fighting continued during the early 20th century and the Bijagós Islands were not pacified under Portuguese rule until 1936. In 1952 by a constitutional amendment Guinea-Bissau became an overseas province. While there had always been local resistance it was not until 1956 the first liberation movement was founded by Amílcar Cabral and Rafael Barbosa, the African Party for the Independence of Guinea and Cape Verde . The first major actitive of the PAIGC was a strike by dock-workers in Bissau on August 3, 1959. The colonial police violently repressed the strike and more than 50 people died, the incident became known as the Pijiguiti Massacre.
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The Angolan War of Independence began as an uprising against forced cotton cultivation, and became a multi-faction struggle for control of... Portugal's Overseas Province of Angola among three nationalist movements and a separatist movement. The war ended in 1975 when the Portuguese government, the National Union for the Total Independence of Angola , the Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola , and the National Liberation Front of Angola signed the Alvor Agreement, after a leftist military coup in Lisbon in April 1974 which overthrew Portugal's Estado Novo regime. It was a guerrilla war in which the Portuguese Armed Forces waged a counter-insurgency campaign against armed groups mostly dispersed across sparsely populated areas of the vast Angolan countryside. Many atrocities were committed by all forces involved in the conflict. In 1482, Kingdom of Portugal's caravels commanded by Portuguese navigator Diogo Cão arrived in the Kingdom of Congo. Other expeditions followed, and close relations were soon established between the two kingdoms. The Portuguese brought firearms, many other technological advances, and a new religion, Christianity.
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The Portuguese Colonial War , also known in Portugal as the Overseas War or in the former colonies as the War of liberation , was fought between... Portugal's military and the emerging nationalist movements in Portugal's African colonies between 1961 and 1975, after the Portuguese regime was overthrown by a military coup in 1974. It was a decisive ideological struggle and armed conflict of the Cold War in African and European scenarios. Unlike other European nations, the Portuguese Estado Novo regime did not leave its African colonies, or the overseas provinces as those overseas territories were officially called since 1951, during the 1950s and 1960s. During the 1960s, various armed independence movements became active in these Portugal-administered territories, namely in Angola, Mozambique and Portuguese Guinea. During the war, several atrocities were committed by all forces involved in the conflict.
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The Western European Union was an international organisation tasked with implementing the Modified Treaty of Brussels , an amended version of the... original 1948 Treaty of Brussels. The WEU was established by seven Western European nations during the Cold War. Since the end of the Cold War, WEU tasks and institutions have been transferred to the Common Security and Defence Policy which is being framed for the geographically larger and more comprehensive European Union. This process was completed in 2009, when a solidarity clause between the member states of the European Union which was similar to the WEU's mutual defense clause, entered into force with the Treaty of Lisbon. The states party to the Modified Treaty of Brussels consequently decided to terminate that treaty on 31 March 2010, with all the remaining WEU's activities to be ceased within 15 months. On 30 June 2011 the WEU was officially declared defunct. The WEU was headquartered in Brussels, with a staff of 65 and an annual budget of €13.4 million.
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The African Development Bank Group is a development bank established in 1964 with the intention of promoting economic and social development in... Africa. The Group comprises the African Development Bank , the African Development Fund , and the Nigeria Trust Fund . AfDB provides loans and grants to African governments and private companies investing in the regional member countries in Africa. It is owned and funded by member governments, and has a public-interest mandate to reduce poverty and promote sustainable development. Following the end of colonial period in Africa, growing desire for more unity within the continent led to the establishment of two draft charters, one for the establishment of the Organisation of African Unity , and for a regional development bank. A draft accord was submitted to top African officials, then to African Ministers, before being cosigned by twenty-three African governments on August 4, 1963, in the form of an agreement establishing the African Development Bank.
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The Asian Development Bank is a regional development bank established on 22 August 1966 to facilitate economic development of countries in Asia. The... bank admits the members of the United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific and non-regional developed countries. From 31 members at its establishment, ADB now has 67 members - of which 48 are from within Asia and the Pacific and 19 outside. ADB was modeled closely on the World Bank, and has a similar weighted voting system where votes are distributed in proportion with member's capital subscriptions. At present, both the United States and Japan hold 552,210 shares, the largest proportion of shares at 12.756% each. China holds 228,000 shares , India holds 224,010 shares , the 2nd and 3rd largest proportion of shares respectively. The highest policy-making body of the bank is the Board of Governors composed of one representative from each member state. The Board of Governors, in turn, elect among themselves the 12 members of the Board of Directors and their deputy.
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The Zangger Committee, also known as the Nuclear Exporters Committee, sprang from Article III.2 of the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear... Weapons which entered into force on March 5, 1970. Under the terms of Article III.2 International Atomic Energy Agency safeguards must be applied to nuclear exports. Between 1971 and 1974, a group of 15 nuclear supplier states held a series of informal meetings in Vienna chaired by Professor Claude Zangger of Switzerland. The group's objective was to reach a common understanding on: the definition of "equipment or material especially designed or prepared for the processing, use or production of special fissionable material;" and the conditions and procedures that would govern exports of such equipment or material in order to meet the obligations of Article III.2 on the basis of fair commercial competition. The group, which became known as the Zangger Committee, decided that it would be informal and that its decisions would not be legally binding upon its members.
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The University of Lisbon dɨ liʒˈboɐ]; Latin Universitas Olisiponensis is a public university in Lisbon, Portugal. It is... composed by eight faculties. It was founded in 1911 after the fall of the Portuguese monarchy regime, but the history of a university in Lisbon goes back to the 13th century. The first Portuguese university school was founded in 1290 by King Dinis in Lisbon, and was called Studium Generale . In the following 247 years, this first university school was moved several times between Lisbon and Coimbra. In 1537, during the reign of João III, the university moved definitively to Coimbra. The entire university institution, including the teaching staff and all the books from its library, were moved to Coimbra where the University of Coimbra was definitively installed.
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The Technical University of Lisbon ˈtɛknikɐ dɨ liʒˈboɐ] is a Portuguese public university. It was created in 1930... in Lisbon, as a confederation of older schools, and comprises, nowadays, the faculties and institutes of veterinary medicine; agricultural sciences; economics and business administration; engineering, social and political sciences; architecture; and human kinetics. Despite being one of the largest Portuguese state universities, the UTL has always adopted a decentralised organisational model. All faculties and institutes have an ample degree of autonomy in pedagogic, scientific, administrative and financial matters. The faculties offer all levels of academic degrees in a wide range of fields, ranging from veterinary medicine to agricultural sciences to engineering to political science to sporting management.
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The New University of Lisbon ˈnɔvɐ dɨ liʒˈboɐ], also known as a Nova was established in 1973 and is the youngest... of the three public universities of Lisbon, in Portugal. Since 2006, the THE-QS World University Rankings has ranked Universidade NOVA de Lisboa as one of the world's 500 best universities. The university is especially strong in the fields of Business, Economics and Law, being ranked number 245 in the world in 2008, as well as in the Arts and Humanities fields. It was created in 1973 as part of a program of expansion and diversification in higher education in Portugal and was a response to ever an increasing demand for higher education in the city and surrounding areas of Lisbon. During its first years, the University offered mainly graduate and specialist programs. Since the end of 1977, when the first regular programs started, the university has been expanding steadily. The University, as well as its Units, enjoys scientific, academic and administrative autonomy and, as a state institution, is mainly funded by Ministry of Higher Education and Science.
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Beatriz da Silveira Moreno Batarda is a Portuguese actress named as one of European films 'Shooting Stars' by European Film Promotion in 1998. She... studied Design at IADE Institute in Lisbon and trained in acting at Guidhall School of Music and Drama in London. She was born in London and grew up in Lisbon. She has worked with Lisbon's Cornucópia Company as well as with the Teatro Nacional D.Maria, where she played Berenice, Fedra, Miss Hilda Wangel, Iphygenia and Miss Julie. In 2000, Batarda graduated from London's Guildhall School of Music and Drama with an honours degree in acting. She was awarded a gold medal for Best Actress of the Year and appeared on stage in London in Beyond a Joke by Christopher Morahan and Love Labour's Lost directed by Stephen Unwin. Her first film appearance was in the documentary E Agora Maria? Her credits in film include roles in José Álvaro Morais Peixe Lua and Michael Dowse' It's All Gone Pete Tong. Her television credits include a guest appearance in the US sitcom Relic Hunter, My Family for the BBC and as Annette Forsyte in the remake of Forsyte Saga, Granada Television.
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Noah Benjamin Lennox also known as Panda Bear, is an experimental musician and a founding member of Animal Collective. Lennox grew up in the Roland... Park section of Baltimore, Maryland, and attended high school at Kimberton Waldorf School in Chester County, Pennsylvania. As a child and teenager, he played sports, mainly soccer and basketball. He also studied piano until he was eight, then cello, and later on he sang tenor in his high school chamber choir. Though he and his family have never been very religious, Lennox briefly attended Boston University where he majored in Religion because of his interest "in the concept of God". While a student at the University, Lennox starred in three student short films: Fish Sticks and Fecal Matters, both directed by Andrew Drazek; and Appy Halloween, directed by Black Nasty. As a teen, Lennox began listening to electronic music styles such as house and techno and artists such as Aphex Twin, all of which became a major influence on his later work. He recorded and performed music—solo and with friends.
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Joanne "Jo" Rowling, OBE, FRSL , better known as J. K. Rowling, is a British novelist, best known as the author of the Harry Potter fantasy series.... The Potter books have gained worldwide attention, won multiple awards, sold more than 400 million copies to become the best-selling book series in history and been the basis for a popular series of films, in which Rowling had overall approval on the scripts as well as maintaining creative control by serving as a producer on the final instalment. Rowling conceived the idea for the series on a train trip from Manchester to London in 1990. Rowling has led a "rags to riches" life story, in which she progressed from living on social security to multi-millionaire status within five years. As of March 2011, when its latest world billionaires list was published, Forbes estimated Rowling's net worth to be US$1 billion. The 2008 Sunday Times Rich List estimated Rowling's fortune at £560 million , ranking her as the twelfth richest woman in the United Kingdom.
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Cristiano Ronaldo dos Santos Aveiro, OIH, , commonly known as Cristiano Ronaldo, is a Portuguese footballer who plays as a winger or a forward for... Spanish La Liga club Real Madrid and is the captain of the Portuguese national team. Ronaldo is the most expensive player in football history after moving from Manchester United to Real Madrid in a transfer deal worth £80 million . In addition, his contract with Real Madrid, in which he is to be paid £11 million per year over the following six years, makes him the highest-paid football player in the world, and values him at €1 billion as per his buyout clause. Ronaldo began his career as a youth player for Andorinha, where he played for two years, then moved to Nacional. In 1997, he made a move to Portuguese giants Sporting Clube de Portugal. Ronaldo's precocious talent caught the attention of Manchester United manager Alex Ferguson and signed the 18-year-old for £12.24 million in 2003. The following season, Ronaldo won his first club honour, the FA Cup and played at Euro 2004 with Portugal.
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