Signifying Rappers: Rap and Race in the Urban Present is a nonfiction book by David Foster Wallace and Mark Costello. The book explores this music's history as it intersects with historical events, either locally and unique to Boston, or in larger cultural or historical contexts. The title is based on the track "Signifying Rapper" on the album Smoke Some Kill by Schoolly D. In rap, this is a reference to the practice of "signifying" used in rap lyrics whereby words have meanings beyond their conventional interpretations, such as "cut" , "bite" , "dope" , "dawg" and such neologisms as... "edutainment" or "raptivist" , and specifically a play on the traditional African image of the signifying monkey. It is also a play on the notion of a signifier in critical theory, as elaborated by Ferdinand de Saussure; this connection of the African-American usage and the critical theory usage had previously be made in The Signifying Monkey by Henry Louis Gates Jr..
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