Thomas R. Marshall

Operation Valfajr-4 was an Iranian operation of the Iran-Iraq War launched in 1983. At the end of the operation Iran had captured a small amount of... territory from the Iraqis. Units of Iraq's First Army Corps spent two months in their trenches waiting for the Iranians to attack. The offensive came on 19 October 1983 as the Iranians and guerillas of the Patriotic Union of Kurdistan took 250 square miles of territory. This included a number of Kurdish villages and exerted a significant amount of pressure on Penjwin. Saddam Hussein responded with a counterattack, using the Iraqi Republican Guard and poison gas. However, they failed to dislodge the Iranians, who were dug-in and reinforced by Kurdish fighters. The attack was successful but the Iranians suffered high casualties due to Iraqi gas attacks. Unlike other operations and battles of the Iran–Iraq War, environmental conditions and operative restrictions were of high significance for this operation. Also the military medicine organization of the Pasdaran was important in this battle; they used special methods to save the wounded and carried out rescue operations.
more

The Kilmichael Ambush was an ambush near the village of Kilmichael in County Cork on 28 November 1920 carried out by the Irish Republican Army ... during the Irish War of Independence. Thirty-six local IRA volunteers commanded by Tom Barry killed seventeen members of the RIC Auxiliary Division. The Kilmichael ambush was of great political significance as it came just a week after Bloody Sunday and marked a profound escalation in the IRA's guerrilla campaign. The Auxiliaries were commissioned officers and were raised in July 1920 and were regarded as a highly trained elite force by both sides in the conflict. The Auxiliaries engaged at Kilmichael all had previous experience in World War I. The Auxiliaries and the Black and Tans rapidly became highly unpopular in Ireland for their intimidation of the civilian population and their arbitrary reprisals for IRA actions – including house burnings, beatings and killings. Only a week before the Kilmichael ambush, the Auxiliaries had fired on a football match in Croke Park, killing fourteen civilians .
more

The Battle of Alexandropol was a conflict between the Democratic Republic of Armenia and Turkish Revolutionaries of the Turkish National Movement... which was on November 7, 1920 at Alexandropol. The Turkish-Armenian War was a conflict fought between the Republic of Armenia and Turkish Revolutionaries of the Turkish National Movement which lasted from 24 September to 2 December 1920 and largely took place in present-day northeastern Turkey and northwestern Armenia. On October 24, Karabekir's forces launched a massive campaign on Kars. Rather than fighting for the city, the Armenians abandoned Kars which by October 30 came under full Turkish occupation. Alexandropol was occupied by Turkish troops on November 7. Turkish troops were withrawn from her after Treaty of Kars. The Treaty of Alexandropol was a peace treaty between the Democratic Republic of Armenia and TBMM ending the Turkish-Armenian War, before decleration of the Republic of Turkey on December 2, 1920. Armenian was forced to renounce the Treaty of Sèvres and cede over 50% of her claimed territory to Turkey. The treaty was to be ratified by the government within a month.
more

The Battle of Kars was a conflict between the Democratic Republic of Armenia and Turkish Revolutionaries of the Turkish National Movement which was... on October 30, 1920 at Kars. By September 28, Karabekir's forces had retaken Sarıkamış and the following day Kağızman. They then moved towards Kars but this assault was delayed by Armenian resistance. In Kars, the Armenians were numerically superior and positioned in strong emplacements. Before the battle Kazim Karabekir attempted to set the Armenians on the wrong track by dispatching false messages about troop movements. General Pirumian, General Araratov, Colonel Shaghubadian, Colonel Vekilian, Colonel Babajanov, Lieutenant-Colonel Ter-Arakyalian, thirty-odd officers and about 3,000 soldiers, Minister A. Babalian, Garegin Archbishop Hovsepiants, provincial sub-governor Chalkhushian, mayor Norhatian and many civilians were taken prisoner. Turkish forces continued to advance and soon captured the city of Alexandropol one week after the capture of Kars.
more