Warren G. Harding

Operation Valfajr-4 was an Iranian operation of the Iran-Iraq War launched in 1983. At the end of the operation Iran had captured a small amount of... territory from the Iraqis. Units of Iraq's First Army Corps spent two months in their trenches waiting for the Iranians to attack. The offensive came on 19 October 1983 as the Iranians and guerillas of the Patriotic Union of Kurdistan took 250 square miles of territory. This included a number of Kurdish villages and exerted a significant amount of pressure on Penjwin. Saddam Hussein responded with a counterattack, using the Iraqi Republican Guard and poison gas. However, they failed to dislodge the Iranians, who were dug-in and reinforced by Kurdish fighters. The attack was successful but the Iranians suffered high casualties due to Iraqi gas attacks. Unlike other operations and battles of the Iran–Iraq War, environmental conditions and operative restrictions were of high significance for this operation. Also the military medicine organization of the Pasdaran was important in this battle; they used special methods to save the wounded and carried out rescue operations.
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The Battle of Dumlupınar Muharebesi or Başkumandanlık Meydan Muharebesi; literally "All-out battle of Supreme military commands" was... the last battle in the Greco-Turkish War . The battle was fought from 26 August to 30 August 1922 near Kütahya in Turkey. Following the attrition battle on the Sakarya River in August–September 1921, the Greek Army of Asia Minor under General Anastasios Papoulas retreated to a defensive line extending from the town of İzmit to the towns of Eskişehir and Kara Hisâr-ı Sahib . The Greek line formed a 700-km arc stretching in a North-South direction along difficult hilly ground with high hills, called tepes, rising out of broken terrain and was considered to be easily defensible. A single track railway line ran from Kara Hisâr to Dumlupınar, a fortified valley town some 30 miles West of Kara Hisâr surrounded by the mountains Murat Dağı and Ahır Dağı, and thence to Smyrna on the coast. This railway was the main supply route of the Greeks.
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The Irish Civil War was a conflict that accompanied the establishment of the Irish Free State as an entity independent from the United Kingdom... within the British Empire. The conflict was waged between two opposing groups of Irish nationalists: the forces of the "Provisional Government" that established the Free State in December 1922, who supported the Anglo-Irish Treaty, and the Republican opposition, for whom the Treaty represented a betrayal of the Irish Republic. The war was won by the Free State forces. The Civil War may have claimed more lives than the War of Independence against Britain that preceded it, and left Irish society divided and embittered. Today, two of the main political parties in the Republic of Ireland, Fianna Fáil and Fine Gael, are direct descendants of the opposing sides in the War. The Anglo-Irish Treaty arose from the Irish War of Independence, fought between Irish separatists and the British government, from 1919–1921. The treaty provided for a self-governing Irish state in 26 of Ireland's 32 counties, having its own army and police.
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The Irish Free State offensive of July–September 1922 was the decisive military stroke of the Irish Civil War. It was carried out by the... National Army of the newly created Irish Free State against anti-treaty strongholds in the south and southwest of Ireland. At the beginning of the Civil War in June 1922, the Irish Free State government, composed of the Irish republican leadership who had accepted the Anglo-Irish Treaty, held only the capital city of Dublin. The new National Army was composed of those units of the Irish Republican Army loyal to them, plus recent recruits. Much of the rest of the country was outside of its control and in the hands of the anti-Treaty elements of the Irish Republican Army, who did not accept the legitimacy of the new state and who asserted that the Irish Republic, created in 1919, was the continuing legitimate all-island state. This situation was rapidly brought to an end in July and August 1922, when the Commander in Chief of the Free State forces, Michael Collins, launched the offensive. The offensive re-took the major towns for the Free State Government and marked the end of the conventional phase of the conflict.
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