Yale University

Yale College was the official name of Yale University from 1718 to 1887. The name now refers to the undergraduate part of the university. Each... undergraduate student is assigned to one of 12 residential colleges. Yale was founded in part from funds realized from the sale of Equivalent Lands. The current residential college system was instituted in 1933 through a grant by Yale graduate Edward S. Harkness, who admired the college systems at Oxford University and Cambridge University. Each college consists of a dormitory building or buildings, surrounding a quadrangle or courtyard. Each college includes a dining hall; student facilities, ranging from libraries to squash courts to darkrooms; and a few faculty, including a Dean, a Master, and two or more Resident Fellows. Most college buildings also features distinctive architecture, and each has developed a different flavor or area of emphasis.
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The Yale School of Management is the graduate business school of Yale University and is located on Hillhouse Avenue in New Haven, Connecticut,... United States. The School offers Master of Business Administration and Ph.D. degree programs. As of January 2011, 454 students were enrolled in its MBA program. The School has 97 faculty members and the dean is Edward A. Snyder. The School conducts education and research in leadership, economics, operations management, marketing, entrepreneurship, organizational behavior, and other areas; its most acclaimed programs are finance and strategic management. The School offers a wide range of graduate-level academic programs and concentrations. The School is known for its finance faculty, emphasis on ethics, and International Center for Finance. The School has also recently added an Executive MBA in Healthcare degree designed for professionals in the health care industry. The School cosponsors a seminar on faith and globalization instructed by former British Prime Minister Tony Blair.
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Yale Divinity School is a professional school at Yale University, in New Haven, Connecticut, U.S. preparing students for ordained or lay ministry, or... for the academy. The nonsectarian school's mission is “To foster the knowledge and love of God through critical engagement with the traditions of the Christian churches in the context of the contemporary world.” The school grants the Master of Divinity , Master of Arts in Religion , and Master of Sacred Theology degrees. Both the M.Div. and the S.T.M. - being terminal degrees - earn the graduate the right to wear the Yale blue doctoral gown. The main mission of Yale College at its founding in 1701 was religious training, serving the Congregationalist churches of Connecticut. In its charter, it was designed as a school "wherein Youth may be instructed in the Arts & Sciences who through the blessing of Almighty God may be fitted for Publick employment both in Church & Civil State." A professorship of divinity was established in 1746 and in 1822, a separate department developed, later known as the Yale Divinity School. The Berkeley Divinity School affiliated with Yale Divinity School in 1971.
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The Yale School of Art is one of twelve constituent schools of Yale University. It is a professional art school, granting only Masters of Fine Arts... degrees to those completing studies in graphic design, painting/printmaking, photography, or sculpture. According to a 2003 survey "of deans and department chairs, one per school, at 213 master of fine arts programs" conducted by U.S. News & World Report, the School shares a number one ranking with the Rhode Island School of Design and the School of the Art Institute of Chicago for Masters of Fine Arts programs. Any student applying to the school must have an exceptional undergraduate record as well as a complete body of work for presentation. This is further followed by an essay and recommendations. The complete process for an applicant requires great preparation and the process must be completed in accordance with strict guidelines established by the school. The Yale Daily News reported on Thursday, February 1, 2007 that 1215 applicants for its class of 2009 sought admission to fifty-five places.
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The Yale School of Architecture is one of the constituent professional schools of Yale University. It is generally considered to be one of the most... prestigious architecture schools in the world. Yale's architecture programs are an outgrowth of a longstanding commitment to the teaching of the fine arts in the university. "Art was first taught at an American college or university in 1869 when the Yale School of the Fine Arts was established. Yale alumnus and educator Andrew Dickson White was offered the post as the first dean of the school, but turned it down to be the first president of Cornell University. Even earlier, in 1832, Yale opened the Trumbull Art Gallery, the first college-affiliated gallery in the country. The Department of Architecture was established in the School of the Fine Arts in 1916. In 1959 the School of Art and Architecture, as it was then known, was made into a fully graduate professional school. In 1972 Yale designated the School of Architecture as its own separate professional school." The School is housed in the masterwork of its former Dean, Paul Rudolph.
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The Yale School of Drama is a graduate professional school of Yale University providing training in every discipline of the theatre: acting, design ,... directing, dramaturgy and dramatic criticism, playwriting, stage management, sound design, technical design and production, and theater management. The school traces its roots to the Yale Dramatic Association, the second-oldest college theatre association in the country, founded in 1900. The "Dramat" produced the American premieres of Albert Camus's Caligula and Shakespeare's Troilus and Cressida, as well as original works by Cole Porter, Stephen Vincent Benet, and Thornton Wilder written when they were students. This lively dramatic tradition led to the funding, in 1924, by Yale benefactor Edward S. Harkness, to establish the Department of Drama in the School of Fine Arts, and for the construction of the University Theatre, designed by James Gamble Rogers. George Pierce Baker, a teacher of playwriting, was the first chairman of the department. The first Master of Fine Arts in drama was granted in 1931.
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The Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, founded in 1847, is one of the oldest graduate schools in the United States. It conferred the first... Ph.D. degrees in North America in 1861. Today, the Graduate School is one of twelve schools composing Yale University and the only one that awards the degrees of Doctor of Philosophy, Master of Philosophy, Master of Arts, Master of Science, and Master of Engineering. The work of the Graduate School is carried on in the divisions of the Humanities, Social Sciences, and Biological and Physical Sciences. Fifty-three departments and programs offer courses of study leading to the Ph.D. degree. There are twenty-four programs that terminate with the master’s degree. The Graduate School comprises approximately 2,300 students, about one-third of whom come from outside the United States. Admission is highly competitive with each entering class making up about 500 students. About 900 faculty are involved with the graduate students as teachers, mentors, and advisors.
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The Yale School of Engineering & Applied Science offers undergraduate and graduate classes and degrees in electrical engineering, chemical... engineering, environmental engineering, biomedical engineering, and mechanical engineering and materials science. There are strong research programs in molecular engineering, combustion, microelectronics, materials, medical imaging and nanoscience. Yale Engineering was ranked Number 1 among federally funded U.S. universities in 2007 in faculty publication citation impact for the period from 2001 to 2005 based on average citations per paper. Yale Engineering had also been ranked Number 1 from 1997 to 2001. Mechanical Engineering and Electrical Engineering at Yale were both ranked in the top ten in the U.S. according to the scholarly activity index of the Chronicle of Higher Education. The United States National Research Council 2010 report granted Yale's Biomedical Engineering and Environmental Engineering departments S rankings of 2-11 and 1-2 respectively. Yale Engineering also has the second lowest student to faculty ratio in the U.S.
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The Yale Institute of Sacred Music traces its roots to the School of Sacred Music founded at Union Theological Seminary in New York City. The... seminary's department of church music was brought to Yale in 1972, entering into partnership with the Yale School of Music and the Yale Divinity School. The Institute offers programs in organ performance, choral conducting, liturgical studies, voice, and religion and the arts. Students can achieve the degrees of Master of Music, Master of Musical Arts, Doctor of Musical Arts, Artist Diploma, Master of Divinity, Master of Arts in Religion in Liturgical Studies, Master of Arts in Religion in Music and Religion, a comprehensive Master of Arts in Religion, or Master of Sacred Theology through the affiliated schools.
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The Yale School of Public Health was founded in 1915 by Charles-Edward Amory Winslow and is one of the oldest public health masters programs in the... United States. YSPH has a unique hybrid existence with the Yale School of Medicine, as it is both a department within the School of Medicine as well as an independent, CEPH-certified school of public health . According to the school's website, the community benefits greatly from the Yale School of Public Health's dual roles of providing a world–class education as an accredited, fully functioning school, and by conducting cutting–edge, interdisciplinary research through its collaborative departmental partnerships at the School of Medicine and across the Yale campus. The Yale School of Public Health provides a very traditional program with no distance learning or weekend classes, and a low student to faculty ratio. YSPH awards Master of Public Health degrees as well as Master of Science and Ph.D degrees through the Yale Graduate School.
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The Yale School of Forestry & Environmental Studies is one of the graduate professional schools of Yale University. Founded to train foresters,... it now trains leaders and creates new knowledge that will sustain and restore the health of the biosphere and the well-being of its people. Still offering forestry instruction, the school has the oldest graduate forestry program in the United States. The School was founded in 1900 as the Yale Forest School, to provide high-level forestry training suited to American conditions. At the urging of Yale alumnus Gifford Pinchot, his parents endowed the two-year postgraduate program. At the time Pinchot was serving as Bernhard Fernow's successor as Chief of the Division of Forestry . Pinchot released two foresters from the Division to start the School: fellow Yale graduate Henry Solon Graves and J.W. Toumey. Graves became the School's first dean and Toumey its second. When the School opened, other places in the United States offered forestry training, but none had a post-graduate program.
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Established in 1923 in New Haven, Connecticut, U.S., Yale School of Nursing has become a leading school of nursing in the United States with a... reputation for excellence in teaching, research and clinical practice. The school is ranked in the top ten graduate schools of nursing in the United States by U.S. News and World Report and among nursing institutions that have received support from the National Institutes of Health. Yale School of Nursing offers degrees in Nursing, including a Doctor of Philosophy and Master of Science in Nursing degree with Nurse Practitioner, Clinical Nurse Specialist, Nursing Management, Policy and Leadership, and Nurse-Midwifery specialties. The school also has the Graduate Entry Prespecialty in Nursing program, which is intended for students with a bachelor's degree but no background in nursing. Joint degree programs are available with Yale School of Public Health and Yale Divinity School. In addition to degree programs, YSN offers pre and post doctoral research training and post-master's certificates in various Nurse Practitioner specialities.
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The Yale School of Medicine at Yale University is a private medical school located in New Haven, Connecticut, U.S. It was founded in 1810 as The... Medical Institution of Yale College, and formally opened its doors in 1813. The primary teaching hospital for the school is Yale-New Haven Hospital. The school is home to the Harvey Cushing/John Hay Whitney Medical Library, one of the largest modern medical libraries, also known for its historical collections. The faculty includes 25 National Academy of Sciences members and 24 Institute of Medicine investigators. The School of Medicine offers the Doctor of Medicine degree and a Master of Medical Science degree through the Yale Physician Associate Program for prospective physician assistants. Public health degrees are administered through the Yale School of Public Health. There are also joint degree programs with other disciplines at Yale, including the M.D/Juris Doctor in conjunction with Yale Law School; the M.D./Master of Business Administration in conjunction with the Yale School of Management; the M.D.
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The Yale School of Music is one of the twelve professional schools at Yale University and one of the premier music conservatories in the world. The... School of Music offers three graduate degrees: Master of Music , Master of Musical Arts , and Doctor of Musical Arts . The School also offers a joint Bachelor of Arts—Master of Music program in conjunction with Yale College, a Certificate in Performance, and an Artist Diploma. In November 2005, an anonymous donation of $100 million endowed full scholarships for all students accepted to the Yale School of Music.
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Branford College is the oldest of the 12 residential colleges at Yale University. Branford College was founded in 1933 by partitioning the Memorial... Quadrangle into two parts: Saybrook and Branford. According to Robert Frost, it is "the oldest and most beautiful" of the Yale residential colleges, though it shares a building and was founded simultaneously with Saybrook. In the start of the academic year in 1933, Branford College opened its doors. Clarence Whittlesey Mendell, Dean of Yale College, had been named Master in 1931 and he held the post until 1943. What impressed quite a few visitors to Branford was the calm and subdued character of the College. Chauncey Tinker commented that Saybrook was like an anthill, but Branford was like an oyster bed. In records of the time, the main thing that stands out about Branford is the activity among its students, and of encouragement of activity on the part of Master Mendell, who commented that oyster beds produce pearls. Branford College was named for the nearby town of Branford, Connecticut, where Yale was briefly located.
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Ezra Stiles College is a residential college at Yale University, built in 1961 by Eero Saarinen. Architecturally, it is known for its lack of right... angles. It is adjacent to Morse College. In his report on the 1955-56 academic year, Yale President A. Whitney Griswold announced his intention to add at least one residential college to Yale's two-decade-old system. "We have the colleges so full that community life, discipline, education, even sanitation are suffering," he said. Wild rumors flew about four or five new colleges, but nothing substantial was announced until spring 1959, when Eero Saarinen '34 was chosen as the architect, and the Old York Square behind the Graduate School as the site. The Old Dominion Foundation, established by Paul Mellon '29, provided money to build two "radically different" colleges to alleviate the strain on the existing colleges. The cornerstone of the college was laid on Alumni Day 1961. Students took up residence in September 1962, and the college was dedicated on December 7.
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Jonathan Edwards College is a residential college at Yale University. Established in 1932, it is the oldest of Yale's residential colleges. Members... of the Yale community refer to it informally as J.E. It is Yale's only residential college with an independent endowment, the Jonathan Edwards Trust. As a result, J.E. is able to support special initiatives and events related to student life and social activities, particularly within the arts. Yale University administration borrowed a housing idea from British universities resulting in Yale's residential college system. The year 1932 saw the construction of Jonathan Edwards College as the first of the original seven residential quadrangles under the direction of architect James Gamble Rogers. Jonathan Edwards College began during the academic year 1932-33 when Professor Robert Dudley French, the first Master, appointed eight members of the faculty to be the first fellows of the College. These men were chosen because they combined distinction in both teaching and scholarship, and because of their individuality and diversity of interests.
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Pierson College is a residential college founded in 1933 at Yale University. The College takes its name from Abraham Pierson , one of the founders... of the Collegiate School, which later became Yale University. A statue of Abraham Pierson stands on Yale's Old Campus. Yale University constructed the Pierson College buildings in 1933 in the Georgian architecture or "Georgian Revival" style. These include a prominent tower, inspired by that of Philadelphia's Independence Hall. James Gamble Rogers, Yale Class of 1889, was the architect responsible for the original design. Yale renovated the College in 2003-2004, with the major effort directed at the modification of existing suites and rooms, the movement of the Dean's Office, and the addition of a new building and basement facilities. Pierson shares the new basement facilities with its neighbor and unofficial rival residential college, Davenport. The College includes a large grass courtyard and is located between Park and York Streets in New Haven, CT. The courtyard is home to the kinetic sculpture, "Two Planes Vertical—Horizontal II" by George Rickey.
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Silliman College is a residential college at Yale University. It opened in September 1940 as the last of the original ten residential colleges, and... includes buildings that were constructed as early as 1901. It is the largest college in terms of area, consisting of a full city block in New Haven, Connecticut, bordered by College, Wall, Grove and Temple Streets. The older, Indiana limestone part of the college consists of the Vanderbilt-Sheffield dormitories and Byers Hall, both originally part of the Sheffield Scientific School. The Van-Sheff portion of Silliman was built between 1903 and 1906 by architect Charles C. Haight in the Collegiate Gothic style. Byers Hall was built in 1903 and was designed by Hiss and Weekes architects in the modified French Renaissance Style. The newer, Georgian brick portion of the college, which includes most of the core facilities and the Master's house, was completed in 1940 when the college was opened. Architect Eggers & Higgins designed this part of the college.
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Calhoun College is a residential college of Yale University. In 1641, John Brockston established a farm on the plot of land that is now Calhoun... College. After the Revolutionary War an inn was constructed that would later become the meeting place of the Phi Beta Kappa Society. From 1863 until 1874 the land was home to Yale's divinity school. In 1933, with the institution of the new residential college system at Yale, the dormitory at the corner of College and Elm Streets became Calhoun College, named for John C. Calhoun of South Carolina, B. A. 1804, alumnus, statesman, and orator. His statue stands in Yale's Harkness Tower. Like all other residential colleges at their inception, Calhoun had twenty-four hour guard service and the gates were never locked. Jacket and tie was the necessary attire in the dining hall and meals were served at the table. At first, Calhoun was considered an undesirable college because of its location at the corner of College and Elm, where trolleys frequently ran screeching around the corner.
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Davenport College is one of the twelve residential colleges of Yale University. Its buildings were completed in 1933 mainly in the Georgian style... but with a gothic façade. The college was named for John Davenport, who founded Yale's home city of New Haven, Connecticut. An extensive renovation of the college's buildings occurred during the 2004–2005 academic year as part of Yale's comprehensive building renovation project. Davenport College has an unofficial rivalry with adjoining Pierson College. John Davenport was born in 1597 to draper and Mayor of Coventry Henry Davenport and Winifred Barnaby. He attended Oxford University for a three year stint starting in 1613 before leaving without a degree. He returned to Oxford to finish his MA and BD after serving as the chaplain of Hilton Castle and vicar of St. Stephen's Church in London. In 1633 he resigned from the Church of England after several disputes with the senior clergy. In 1638 he sailed to North America with his congregation and a patent for a colony in Massachusetts.
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Saybrook College is one of the 12 residential colleges at Yale University. It was founded in 1933 by partitioning the Memorial Quadrangle into two... parts: Saybrook and Branford. Unlike many of Yale's residential colleges that are centered around one large courtyard, Saybrook has two courtyards—one stone and one grass, hence the college cheer beginning "Two courtyards, stone and grass: two courtyards kick your a**." Saybrook College was one of the original Yale Residential Colleges. Its name comes from the original location of the university, Old Saybrook, Connecticut. The college has the second highest student-to-land-area ratio of any of the colleges . Saybrook students are known on campus for "the Saybrook Strip," a ritual performed during football games at the end of the third quarter .
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Timothy Dwight College, commonly abbreviated and referred to as "TD", is a residential college at Yale University named after two university... presidents, Timothy Dwight IV and Timothy Dwight V. The college was designed in 1935 by James Gamble Rogers in the Federal-style architecture popular during the younger Timothy Dwight's presidency, and was most recently renovated in 2002. In 2009, TD won its Yale-leading 12th Tyng Cup, the championship prize for Yale's year-long intramural athletic competition between the twelve residential colleges. Timothy Dwight College, Yale's ninth residential college, opened on September 23, 1935 at an over-budget cost of $2,000,000. At the time, the Yale Alumni Weekly called it "one of the most architecturally pleasing colleges." The design of the college was meant to reference an early 19th-century New England town hall, and the college's brick work with white trim, green shutters, and hand-hewn dining hall beams are all of Federal inspiration. In the college's inaugural year, a number of plaster ceilings collapsed in the college, leading the TD Social Activities Committee to sponsor a Plaster Dinner and Mr.
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Trumbull College is one of twelve undergraduate residential colleges of Yale University in New Haven, Connecticut. The college is named for Jonathan... Trumbull, the last governor of the Colony of Connecticut and first governor of the State of Connecticut, serving from 1769 until 1784, and a friend and advisor to General George Washington throughout the revolutionary period who dedicated the resources of Connecticut to the fight for independence. He was the only colonial governor to support the American Revolution. One of the University's older colleges, Trumbull was originally two free-standing dormitory buildings flanking the old gymnasium. When university President James Rowland Angell instituted the residential college system in 1933, the gym was torn down and the dormitories connected with a new building in the Gothic style, forming the Sterling Quadrangle; the fourth side of the quadrangle is Sterling Memorial Library. The new building contains the Trumbull dining hall, common room, and library, and a new dorm wing was constructed parallel to the originals. A Master's House was also constructed in the southeast corner of the quadrangle.
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Berkeley College is a residential college at Yale University, constructed in 1934. The eighth of Yale's 12 residential colleges, it was named in... honor of Reverend George Berkeley , dean of Derry and later bishop of Cloyne, in recognition of the assistance in land and books that he gave to Yale in the 18th century.
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Morse College is one of the twelve residential colleges at Yale University, built in 1961 and designed by Eero Saarinen. It is adjacent to Ezra... Stiles College. The current Master is Frank Keil, Professor of Psychology and Professor of Linguistics. The Associate Master is Kristi Lockhart. Following the Spring 2005 semester, former Dean Rosemary Jones stepped down, and was followed by Dean Alexandra Dufresne, who left after the 2006–2007 academic year. On May 2, 2007, Yale College Dean Peter Salovey announced that Joel Silverman will become the next Dean of Morse College. In his report on the year 1955-6, Yale President A. Whitney Griswold announced his intention to add at least one more residential college to the system Yale had launched only two decades earlier. "We have the colleges so full that community life, discipline, education, even sanitation are suffering," he stated. This news bred wild rumors about four or five new colleges being added to Yale's system. Nothing substantial was announced until the spring of 1959 when Eero Saarinen '34 was chosen as the architect, and the Old York Square behind the Graduate School became the designated site.
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Murray Gell-Mann is an American physicist and linguist who received the 1969 Nobel Prize in physics for his work on the theory of elementary... particles. He is the Robert Andrews Millikan Professor of Theoretical Physics Emeritus at Caltech, a Distinguished Fellow and co-founder of the Santa Fe Institute, Professor in the Physics and Astronomy Department of the University of New Mexico, and the Presidential Professor of Physics and Medicine at the University of Southern California. He formulated the quark model of hadronic resonances, and identified the SU flavor symmetry of the light quarks, extending isospin to include strangeness, which he also discovered. He developed the V-A theory of the weak interaction in collaboration with Richard Feynman. He created current algebra in the 1960s as a way of extracting predictions from quark models when the fundamental theory was still murky, which led to model-independent sum rules confirmed by experiment. Gell-Mann, along with Maurice Lévy, developed the sigma model of pions, which describes low energy pion interactions.
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George Arthur Akerlof is an American economist and Koshland Professor of Economics at the University of California, Berkeley. He won the 2001 Nobel... Prize in Economics . Akerlof is perhaps best known for his article, "The Market for Lemons: Quality Uncertainty and the Market Mechanism", published in Quarterly Journal of Economics in 1970, in which he identified certain severe problems that afflict markets characterized by asymmetrical information, the paper for which he was awarded the Nobel Prize. In Efficiency Wage Models of the Labor Market, Akerlof and coauthor Janet Yellen propose rationales for the efficiency wage hypothesis in which employers pay above the market-clearing wage, in contradiction to the conclusions of neoclassical economics. In his latest work, Akerlof and collaborator Rachel Kranton of Duke University introduce social identity into formal economic analysis, creating the field of Identity Economics. Drawing on social psychology and many fields outside of economics, Akerlof and Kranton argue that individuals do not have preferences only over different goods and services.
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Charles Edward Ives was an American modernist composer. He is one of the first American composers of international renown, though Ives' music was... largely ignored during his life, and many of his works went unperformed for many years. Over time, Ives came to be regarded as an "American Original". Ives combined the American popular and church-music traditions of his youth with European art music, and was among the first composers to engage in a systematic program of experimental music, with musical techniques including polytonality, polyrhythm, tone clusters, aleatoric elements, and quarter tones, foreshadowing many musical innovations of the 20th century. Sources of Ives' tonal imagery are hymn tunes and traditional songs, the town band at holiday parade, the fiddlers at Saturday night dances, patriotic songs, sentimental parlor ballads, and the melodies of Stephen Foster. Charles Ives was born in Danbury, Connecticut in 1874, the son of George Ives, a U.S. Army bandleader in the American Civil War, and his wife Mary Parmelee.
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Stephen Vincent Benét was an American author, poet, short story writer, and novelist. Benét is best known for his book-length narrative... poem of the American Civil War, John Brown's Body , for which he won a Pulitzer Prize in 1929, and for two short stories, "The Devil and Daniel Webster" and "By the Waters of Babylon". In 2009, The Library of America selected Benét’s story “The King of Cats” for inclusion in its two-century retrospective of American Fantastic Tales, edited by Peter Straub. Benét was born in Bethlehem, Pennsylvania to James Walker Benét, a colonel in the United States Army, and his wife. His grandfather and namesake was a Minorcan descendant born in St. Augustine, Florida, who led the U.S. Army Ordnance Corps, 1874–1891, with the rank of brigadier general; he was a graduate of the United States Military Academy and served in the American Civil War. The younger Benét's paternal uncle, Laurence Vincent Benét, a graduate of Yale, was an ensign in the United States Navy and later manufactured the French-Hotchkiss machine gun. At about age ten, Benét was sent to the Hitchcock Military Academy.
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Sir Joseph John "J. J." Thomson, OM, FRS was a British physicist and Nobel laureate. He is credited for the discovery of the electron and of... isotopes, and the invention of the mass spectrometer. Thomson was awarded the 1906 Nobel Prize in Physics for the discovery of the electron and for his work on the conduction of electricity in gases. Joseph John Thomson was born in 1856 in Cheetham Hill, Manchester, England. His mother, Emma Swindells, came from a local textile family. His father, Joseph James Thomson, ran an antiquarian bookshop founded by a great-grandfather from Scotland . He had a brother two years younger than he, Frederick Vernon Thomson. His early education took place in small private schools where he demonstrated great talent and interest in science. In 1870 he was admitted to Owens College. Being only 14 years old at the time, he was unusually young. His parents planned to enroll him as an apprentice engineer to Sharp-Stewart & Co., a locomotive manufacturer, but these plans were cut short when his father died in 1873. He moved on to Trinity College, Cambridge in 1876.
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Elizabeth Helen Blackburn, AC, FRS is an Australian-born American biological researcher at the University of California, San Francisco, who studies... the telomere, a structure at the end of chromosomes that protects the chromosome. Blackburn co-discovered telomerase, the enzyme that replenishes the telomere. Blackburn recalls: "Carol had done this experiment, and we stood, just in the lab, and I remember sort of standing there, and she had this -- we call it a gel. It's an autoradiogram, because there was trace amounts of radioactivity that were used to develop an image of the separated DNA products of what turned out to be the telomerase enzyme reaction. I remember looking at it and just thinking, ‘Ah! This could be very big. This looks just right.’ It had a pattern to it. There was a regularity to it. There was something that was not just sort of garbage there, and that was really kind of coming through, even though we look back at it now, we'd say, technically, there was this, that and the other, but it was a pattern shining through, and it just had this sort of sense, ‘Ah! There's something real here.
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Lars Onsager was a Norwegian-born American physical chemist and theoretical physicist, winner of the 1968 Nobel Prize in Chemistry. He held the... Gibbs Professorship of Theoretical Chemistry at Yale University. Lars Onsager was born in Kristiania , Norway. His father was a lawyer. After completing secondary school in Oslo, he attended the Norwegian Institute of Technology in Trondheim, graduating as a chemical engineer in 1925. In 1925 he arrived at a correction to the Debye-Hückel theory of electrolytic solutions, to specify Brownian movement of ions in solution, and during 1926 published it. He traveled to Zürich, where Peter Debye was teaching, and confronted Debye, telling him his theory was wrong. He impressed Debye so much that he was invited to become Debye's assistant at the Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule , where he remained until 1928. Eventually in 1928 he went to the United States of America to take a faculty position at the Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore, Maryland.
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Comer Vann Woodward was a preeminent American historian focusing primarily on the American South and race relations. He was considered, along with... Richard Hofstadter and Arthur Schlesinger, Jr., to be one of the most influential historians of the postwar era, 1940s-1970s, both by scholars and by the general public. He was long a supporter of the approach of Charles A. Beard, stressing the influence of unseen economic motivations in politics. Stylistically, he was a master of irony and counterpoint. C. Vann Woodward was born in Vanndale, a town named after his mother's family and the county seat from 1886-1903. It was in Cross County in eastern Arkansas. Woodward attended high school in Morrilton, Arkansas. He attended Henderson-Brown College a small Methodist school in Arkadelphia, for two years. In 1930 he transferred to Emory University in Atlanta, Georgia, where his uncle was dean of students and professor of sociology. After graduating, he taught English composition for two years at Georgia Tech in Atlanta. There he met Will W. Alexander, head of the Commission on Interracial Cooperation, and J.
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